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AI agent; blockchain; decentralized AI; large language model; multi-agent collaboration; Web3
In recent years, the interplay between AI agents and blockchain has enabled secure and scalable collaboration among multi-agent systems, promoting unprecedented levels of autonomy and interoperability. AI agents play a vital role in facilitating complex decision making and improving operational efficiency in blockchain systems. This collaborative synergy is particularly evident in how multi-agent systems collectively tackle complex tasks to ensure seamless integration within these frameworks. While significant efforts have been made to integrate AI agents and blockchain, most studies overlook the broader potential of AI agents in addressing challenges such as interoperability, scalability, and privacy issues. In this paper, we bridge these gaps by illustrating the interplay between AI agents and blockchain. Specifically, we explore how AI agents enhance decentralized systems and examine blockchain’s role in enabling secure and scalable collaboration. Furthermore, we categorize practical applications across domains, such as Web3, decentralized finance (DeFi), asset management, and autonomous systems, providing practical insights and real-world use cases. Additionally, we identify key research challenges, including the complexities of multi-agent coordination, interoperability across diverse systems, and privacy maintenance in decentralized frameworks. Finally, we offer future directions in terms of governance, sovereignty, computation, and interpretability to promote a secure and responsible ecosystem.
This paper presents a comprehensive survey on the integration of AI agents and blockchain, addressing the challenges and opportunities in secure and scalable multi-agent collaboration. The novelty of this study lies in its exploration of the intersection between decentralized AI (DeAI) and blockchain, emphasizing how AI agents enhance blockchain-based ecosystems through decision-making, consensus optimization, and autonomous collaboration. Unlike previous works that focus on either blockchain security or AI trustworthiness in isolation, this survey offers an integrated perspective on their synergistic relationship.
Scalability and privacy are identified as key challenges in decentralized environments, with AI agents improving the efficiency of blockchain consensus mechanisms, reducing transaction latency, and optimizing resource allocation. The study also discusses blockchain’s role in ensuring secure agent interactions through decentralized governance, immutable audit trails, and cryptographic safeguards.
In terms of contributions, the paper systematically evaluates AI agents' impact on blockchain scalability, security, and operational efficiency. It introduces zero-shot learning for AI-driven blockchain operations, explores novel intelligent consensus mechanisms like Proof-of-Thought (PoT) and Proof-of-Compute (PoC), and discusses practical use cases in DeFi governance, DAO automation, and decentralized supply chain management. Finally, future directions include decentralized quantum computing, privacy-preserving AI-agent coordination, and self-sovereign AI agent governance.
Karim, M.M.; Van, D.H.; Khan, S.; Qu, Q.; Kholodov, Y. AI Agents Meet Blockchain: A Survey on Secure and Scalable Collaboration for Multi-Agents. Future Internet 2025, 17, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17020057
Karim MM, Van DH, Khan S, Qu Q, Kholodov Y. AI Agents Meet Blockchain: A Survey on Secure and Scalable Collaboration for Multi-Agents. Future Internet. 2025;17(2):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17020057
Karim, Md Monjurul, Dong Hoang Van, Sangeen Khan, Qiang Qu, and Yaroslav Kholodov. 2025. “AI Agents Meet Blockchain: A Survey on Secure and Scalable Collaboration for Multi-Agents.” Future Internet 17, no. 2 (2025): 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17020057
Karim, M. M., Van, D. H., Khan, S., Qu, Q., & Kholodov, Y. (2025). AI Agents Meet Blockchain: A Survey on Secure and Scalable Collaboration for Multi-Agents. Future Internet, 17(2), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17020057
@article{karim2025ai,
title={AI Agents Meet Blockchain: A Survey on Secure and Scalable Collaboration for Multi-Agents},
author={Karim, Md Monjurul and Van, Dong Hoang and Khan, Sangeen and Qu, Qiang and Kholodov, Yaroslav},
journal={Future Internet},
year={2025},
volume={17},
number={2}
}
